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Some logistics parks also invite cooperation with private entities. A partnership agreement is set up between the public agency and the private entity with a clear power-sharing mechanism defined. For example, Turkey’s industrial parks are managed by a public-private partnership with participation from chambers and associations.32 The private entity shares its experience about park management and investment expertise with the public body, which is responsible for facilities construction and investment promotion.4. Joint management with private entityLogistics operators of smaller scale may lack the expertise or capital to build a modern facility. A site will also be under-utilised if the operator builds a tiny facility that only fits its own business scale. To incentivise SMEs to upgrade their operation, the South China International Logistics Centre in Shenzhen provides ready-built warehouses and factories for SMEs to rent.31 These facilities are equipped with an advanced computer network which allows the implementation of IoT application and seamless information flow. To renew the tenancy contract upon maturity, the operators must also meet certain milestones.3. Ready-built facilitiesConcept and Price Tenders (CPT), or the two-envelope tender process, is adopted in the industrial space managed by JTC Corporation of Singapore.29 Under CPT, a company can lease a site and build its own facility. The tenure of the sites leased under CPT is usually 30 to 60 years and the sites normally cover a large land area. Applicants have to first submit a proposed business plan to JTC, and they will be assessed based on the strength of the plan submitted including its contribution to GDP and the employment opportunities created for the local community. Only tenders that pass this stage will qualify for the second stage, when they are assessed based on their bid offers.In Singapore, companies can also approach government agencies such as the Economic Development Board (EDB) and SPRING Singapore and discuss their land needs. Qualified companies will be able to obtain support from the agencies for direct allocation of industrial land that fulfil their business requirements. The companies must also meet certain requirements set by the government. Upon successful application, industrial land is directly allocated to the applicants for up to 30 years.1. Concept and price tenders2. Direct allocation3029 JTC Corporation. (n.d.). JTC Concept and Price Tender (CPT). 30 Housing & Development Board. (n.d.). Direct Allocation. 31 Shenzhen International. (n.d.). Integrated Logistics Hub Business.32 United Nations Industrial Development Organization. (2019, November 29). International Guidelines for Industrial Parks.80